Differences between Polyethylene Grades: PE63, PE80, and PE100 Polyethylene (PE) is one of the most widely used polymers in pipe manufacturing and underground installations. Due to its light weight, high resistance to corrosion, and long service lif...

Drilling mud is a vital component in the drilling operations of oil, gas, and water wells. It plays multiple roles including pressure control, lubrication, cooling of the drill bit, and preventing borehole collapse. Typically, drilling mud consists o...

Polyethylene pipes, due to their lightweight, high chemical resistance, flexibility, and long lifespan, have become a suitable replacement for metal and concrete pipes in water supply, gas distribution, sewage systems, agriculture, and industrial net...

Polyethylene is one of the most widely used thermoplastic polymers globally, accounting for over 30% of total plastic production across various grades (HDPE, LDPE, LLDPE). Its popularity stems from its affordability, excellent mechanical properties,...

Water Management and Engineering in Ancient Iran Iran, located within the arid and semi-arid belt of the world, has always faced limitations in water resources. The people of this land, understanding the climatic conditions and the need for resource...

According to reputable global reports, 17 countries are facing severe water scarcity, 12 of which are located in the Middle East and North Africa. Approximately 4.4 billion people worldwide experience extreme water stress for at least one month each...

Types of Failures (Defects) in Polyethylene Pipes 1. Ductile Failure At the microscopic scale, polyethylene, as a semi-crystalline polymer, has a microstructure composed of crystalline lamellae and amorphous chains. It is generally assumed that pol...

Plastic pipes have been used as pressure-bearing structures in critical engineering pipelines since the 1930s and 1940s, gradually gaining a significant share of the market. Among them, polyethylene (PE) pipes are considered one of the most important...

Nowadays, plastic pipes have gained a prominent position in the construction industry, agriculture, urban infrastructure, and even industrial projects. Thanks to features such as lightweight, corrosion resistance, long lifespan, flexibility, and easy...